Romanian orphans

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A note for Lesson no. 3, "Little Brains Wire Themselves to Their World," in Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain by Lisa Feldman Barrett.
Some context from page 58 is:

In the 1960s, the Communist government of Romania outlawed most contraception and abortion. [...] As a consequence, hundreds of thousands of children were sent to live in orphanages.

What is this?

For more on the ill effects on the brains of children reared in institutions, see these references.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The effects occur without evidence of malnutrition and are due to psychosocial deprivation.[10]

For a summary and broader discussion of what these findings mean for millions of young children around the world who are deprived of psychosocial caregiving, see these references.[11][12]

A few of these effects, but not all, can be reduced with high-quality foster care.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]


References

  1. ↑ Chugani, Harry T., Michael E. Behen, Otto Muzik, Csaba Juhász, Ferenc Nagy, and Diane C. Chugani. 2001. "Local Brain Functional Activity Following Early Deprivation: A Study of Postinstitutionalized Romanian Orphans." Neuroimage 14 (6): 1290–1301.
  2. ↑ Eluvathingal, Thomas J., Harry T. Chugani, Michael E. Behen, Csaba Juhász, Otto Muzik, Mohsin Maqbool, Diane C. Chugani, and Malek Makki. 2006. "Abnormal Brain Connectivity in Children After Early Severe Socioemotional Deprivation: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study" Pediatrics 117 (6): 2093–2100.
  3. ↑ Mackes, Nuria K., Dennis Golm, Sagari Sarkar, Robert Kumsta, Michael Rutter, Graeme Fairchild, Mitul A. Mehta, and Edmund JS Sonuga-Barke. 2020. "Early Childhood Deprivation Is Associated With Alterations in Adult Brain Structure Despite Subsequent Environmental Enrichment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (1): 641–649.
  4. ↑ McLaughlin, Katie A., Margaret A. Sheridan, Warren Winter, Nathan A. Fox, Charles H. Zeanah, and Charles A. Nelson. 2014. "Widespread Reductions in Cortical Thickness Following Severe Early-life Deprivation: A Neurodevelopmental Pathway To Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder." Biological Psychiatry 76 (8): 629–638.
  5. ↑ McLaughlin, Katie A., Margaret A. Sheridan, Florin Tibu, Nathan A. Fox, Charles H. Zeanah, and Charles A. Nelson. 2015. "Causal Effects of the Early Caregiving Environment on Development of Stress Response Systems in Children." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (18): 5637–5642.
  6. ↑ Mehta, Mitul A., Nicole I. Golembo, Chiara Nosarti, Emma Colvert, Ashley Mota, Steven CR Williams, Michael Rutter, and Edmund JS Sonuga‐Barke. 2009. "Amygdala, Hippocampal and Corpus Callosum Size Following Severe Early Institutional Deprivation: The English and Romanian Adoptees Study Pilot." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50 (8): 943–951.
  7. ↑ Odobescu, Vlad. 2015. "Half a million kids survived Romania's 'slaughterhouses of souls.’ Now they want justice." Public Radio International, December 28.
  8. ↑ Sheridan, Margaret A., Nathan A. Fox, Charles H. Zeanah, Katie A. McLaughlin, and Charles A. Nelson. 2012. "Variation in Neural Development As a Result of Exposure To Institutionalization Early in Childhood." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (32): 12927–12932.
  9. ↑ Stamoulis, Catherine, Ross E. Vanderwert, Charles H. Zeanah, Nathan A. Fox, and Charles A. Nelson. 2015. "Early Psychosocial Neglect Adversely Impacts Developmental Trajectories of Brain Oscillations and Their Interactions." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27 (12): 2512–2528.
  10. ↑ Sonuga‐Barke, Edmund JS, Celia Beckett, Jana Kreppner, Jenny Castle, Emma Colvert, Suzanne Stevens, Amanda Hawkins, and Michael Rutter. 2008. "Is Sub‐Nutrition Necessary for a Poor Outcome Following Early Institutional Deprivation?." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 50 (9): 664–671.
  11. ↑ Nelson, Charles A., Charles H. Zeanah, and Nathan A. Fox. 2019. "How Early Experience Shapes Human Development: The Case of Psychosocial Deprivation." Neural Plasticity 2019: 1676285.
  12. ↑ Woodhouse, Sandra, Abtar Miah, and Michael Rutter. 2018. "A New Look At the Supposed Risks of Early Institutional Rearing." Psychological Medicine 48 (1): 1-10.
  13. ↑ Humphreys, Kathryn L., Lucy McGoron, Margaret A. Sheridan, Katie A. McLaughlin, Nathan A. Fox, Charles A. Nelson III, and Charles H. Zeanah. 2015. "High-quality Foster Care Mitigates Callous-Unemotional Traits Following Early Deprivation in Boys: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 54 (12): 977–983.
  14. ↑ Humphreys, Kathryn L., Devi Miron, Katie A. McLaughlin, Margaret A. Sheridan, Charles A. Nelson, Nathan A. Fox, and Charles H. Zeanah. 2018. "Foster Care Promotes Adaptive Functioning in Early Adolescence Among Children Who Experienced Severe, Early Deprivation." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 59 (7): 811–821.
  15. ↑ Johnson, Dana E., Alva Tang, Alisa N. Almas, Kathryn A. Degnan, Katie A. McLaughlin, Charles A. Nelson, Nathan A. Fox, Charles H. Zeanah, and Stacy S. Drury. 2018. "Caregiving Disruptions Affect Growth and Pubertal Development in Early Adolescence in Institutionalized and Fostered Romanian Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial." The Journal of Pediatrics 203: 345–353.
  16. ↑ McGoron, Lucy, Mary Margaret Gleason, Anna T. Smyke, Stacy S. Drury, Charles A. Nelson III, Matthew C. Gregas, Nathan A. Fox, and Charles H. Zeanah. 2012. "Recovering From Early Deprivation: Attachment Mediates Effects of Caregiving on Psychopathology." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 51 (7): 683–693.
  17. ↑ Sheridan, Margaret A., Nathan A. Fox, Charles H. Zeanah, Katie A. McLaughlin, and Charles A. Nelson. 2012. "Variation in Neural Development As a Result of Exposure To Institutionalization Early in Childhood." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (32): 12927–12932.
  18. ↑ Smyke, Anna T., Charles H. Zeanah, Nathan A. Fox, Charles A. Nelson, and Donald Guthrie. 2010. "Placement in Foster Care Enhances Quality of Attachment Among Young Institutionalized Children." Child Development 81 (1): 212–223.
  19. ↑ Wade, Mark, Nathan A. Fox, Charles H. Zeanah, and Charles A. Nelson. 2019. "Long-term Effects of Institutional Rearing, Foster Care, and Brain Activity on Memory and Executive Functioning." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (5): 1808–1813.
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